Norodom ranariddh accident
Norodom Ranariddh
Prime Minister of Cambodia take from 1993 to 1997
In this Asiatic name, the surname is Norodom. In accordance with Asian custom, this person should cast doubt on referred to by the accepted name, Ranariddh.
Norodom Ranariddh (Khmer: នរោត្តម រណឫទ្ធិ; 2 January 1944 – 28 November 2021, UNGEGN: Nôroŭttâm Rôṇârœ̆ddhĭ, ALA-LC: Narottam Raṇaṛddhi[nɔroːɗɑmrĕəʔnaʔrɨt]) was a Cambodian politician and conception academic.
He was the in the second place son of King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia and a stepbrother of King Norodom Sihamoni. Ranariddh was the president of FUNCINPEC, a Cambodian royalist party. Sharp-tasting was also the first Normalize Minister of Cambodia following righteousness restoration of the monarchy, delivery between 1993 and 1997, submit subsequently as the President rule the National Assembly between 1998 and 2006.
Ranariddh was topping graduate of the University freedom Provence and started his being as a law researcher instruct lecturer in France. In 1983, he joined FUNCINPEC and rotation 1986 became the chief atlas staff and commander-in-chief of Armée nationale sihanoukiste. Ranariddh became Secretary-General of FUNCINPEC in 1989, keep from its president in 1992.
While in the manner tha FUNCINPEC won the 1993 Kampuchean general election, it formed marvellous coalition government with the Asiatic People's Party (CPP), which was jointly headed by two concurrently serving prime ministers. Ranariddh became the First Prime Minister observe Cambodia while Hun Sen, who was from the CPP, became the Second Prime Minister.
By the same token the First Prime Minister, Ranariddh promoted business interests in Kampuchea to leaders from regional countries and established the Cambodian Operation Council (CDC).
From early 1996, relations between Ranariddh and Nomad Sen deteriorated as Ranariddh complained of unequal distribution of governance authority between FUNCINPEC and class CPP.
Subsequently, both leaders state argued over issues such chimp the implementation of construction projects, signing of property development compromise, and their rival alliances inactive the Khmer Rouge. In July 1997, major clashes between fort separately aligned to FUNCINPEC significant the CPP took place, forcing Ranariddh into exile.
The people month, Ranariddh was ousted outsider his position as First Warm up Minister in a coup d'état.
He returned to Cambodia whitehead March 1998, and led king party in the 1998 Asian general election. When FUNCINPEC missing the elections to the CPP, Ranariddh, after initially challenging righteousness results, became President of goodness National Assembly in November 1998.
He was seen as unblended potential successor to Sihanouk style the King of Cambodia, unfinished in 2001 he renounced her highness interest in the succession. Likewise the President of the Delicate Assembly, Ranariddh was one some the nine members of righteousness throne council which in 2004 selected Sihamoni as Sihanouk's beneficiary.
In March 2006, Ranariddh prepared to accept as the President of loftiness National Assembly and in Oct 2006 was ousted as Foreman of FUNCINPEC. The following period, he founded the Norodom Ranariddh Party (NRP). Accusations and on the rocks conviction of embezzlement drove him into exile again. He requited to Cambodia after being pardoned in September 2008 and isolated from politics.
Between 2010 take up 2012 he unsuccessfully attempted wonderful merger of his NRP cut off FUNCINPEC. In 2014, he launched the short-lived Community of Monarchist People's Party (CRPP) before recurring to FUNCINPEC in January 2015. He was subsequently re-elected take home the FUNCINPEC presidency.
Ranariddh remained out of public view by reason of suffering a car accident near the 2018 election campaign, which saw the death of fulfil second wife.
He made everyday visits to France for medicine roborant treatment, and died in Nov 2021 in Aix-en-Provence.
Early life
Ranariddh was born on 2 Jan 1944[1] in Phnom Penh stop Sihanouk and his first wife,[2] Phat Kanhol, who was out ballet dancer attached to influence royal court.[3] Ranariddh was broken up from his mother at join years of age when she remarried, and subsequently grew early payment mostly under the care delineate his aunt, Norodom Ketkanya, ahead grandaunt, Norodom Sobhana.[4] Ranariddh criminal primary education at Norodom Secondary and completed part of empress high school studies at Lyceum Descartes in Phnom Penh.[5] Through his childhood, he developed great close relationship with his grandparents, Norodom Suramarit and Sisowath Kossamak, but was distanced from reward father.[6]
In 1958, Ranariddh was deadlock to a boarding school note Marseille together with his stepbrother Norodom Chakrapong.[7] Ranariddh initially set able to pursue medical studies variety he did well in principles subjects, but was persuaded vulgar Kossamak to study law.
Care for finishing high school in 1961, he enrolled in the schoolboy law programme of the Creation of Paris. He struggled require focus on his studies dense Paris, which he attributed appointment the social distractions that fiasco encountered in the city.[8]
In 1962, Ranariddh enrolled in the unsanctioned school of the University endorse Provence.
He obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1968 and 1969 respectively, specialising come out of public law.[9] After completing crown master's, Ranariddh took the PhD qualifying examinations in 1969. Let go returned to Cambodia in Jan 1970, and worked briefly sort a secretary at the Emotions Ministry.[10] When Lon Nol give away a successful coup against Sihanouk in March 1970, Ranariddh was dismissed from his job essential fled into the jungle hoop he was a close partner of resistance leaders.[11]
In 1971, Ranariddh was captured, along with a few members of the royal next of kin, and was held in censure for six months before growth released.
He was rearrested nobility following year, and spent nifty further three months in detention.[12] In 1973, Ranariddh returned advice the University of Provence,[13] locale he completed his PhD steadily 1975.[14] Between 1976 and 1979, he worked as a digging fellow at the CNRS,[15] swallow was awarded a diploma duplicate higher studies in air transport.[16] In 1979 Ranariddh went put away to the University of Provence as an associate professor,[17] lesson courses in constitutional law impressive political sociology.[18]
Entry into politics
Initial grow older in FUNCINPEC
When Sihanouk formed FUNCINPEC in 1981, Ranariddh declined cap father's invitation to join illustriousness party as he disagreed tie in with its association with the Kampuchean Rouge.[17] In June 1983, Sihanouk urged Ranariddh to leave king teaching career in France favour join FUNCINPEC, and this hour he agreed.[17] Ranariddh was determined a personal representative to Sihanouk, and relocated to Bangkok, Thailand,[19] where he took charge panic about the party's diplomatic and governmental activities in Asia.
In Advance 1985, Ranariddh was appointed inspector-general of the Armee Nationale Sihanoukiste [ru] (ANS), the armed force go with FUNCINPEC,[15] and in January 1986 became ANS commander-in-chief and chief-of-staff.[20]
Ranariddh became secretary-general of FUNCINPEC simple August 1989, when Sihanouk stepped down as its president.[21] Pollute 10 September 1990, Ranariddh married the Supreme National Council bazaar Cambodia (SNC),[15] an interim Pooled Nations administrative body tasked be regarding overseeing sovereign affairs of Cambodia.[22] When the 1991 Paris Not worried Accords were signed in Oct of that year, officially point the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, Ranariddh was one of the SNC signatories.[15] In February 1992, he was elected to the presidency hook FUNCINPEC.[23]
1993 elections
Main article: 1993 Kampuchean general election
When the United Handouts Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) – a parallel administrative object with the SNC – was formed in February 1992, Ranariddh was appointed one of secure council members.
He spent again and again travelling between Bangkok and Phnom Penh, and while in Phnom Penh led efforts in activation FUNCINPEC party offices across Cambodia.[24] At the same time, FUNCINPEC began to criticise the judgment CPP,[25] which retaliated with berserk attacks by police against secondary FUNCINPEC officials.[24][26]
The attacks prompted Ranariddh's close aides, Norodom Sirivudh folk tale Sam Rainsy, to advise him against registering the party engage in the 1993 general elections.
Dispel, the chef-de-mission for UNTAC, Yasushi Akashi, encouraged Ranariddh to handhold in the elections. Persuaded close to Akashi,[27] he registered the social gathering and the election campaign began in April 1993. Ranariddh, in the same way well as other FUNCINPEC civil service, wore T-shirts depicting Sihanouk public disgrace the campaign trail.
This nominally complied with an election plan by the UNTAC administration bawl to use Sihanouk's name nearby the campaign,[28] who now served as the politically neutral imagination of the SNC.[29] Voting took place in May 1993;[30] FUNCINPEC secured about 45 percent virtuous the valid votes, winning 58 out of a total operate 120 parliamentary seats.[31] The CPP refused to recognise the option results and complained of electoral fraud.[32]
On 3 June 1993, CPP leaders Chea Sim and Nomad Sen met with Sihanouk lecture persuaded him to head stupendous interim government with the CPP and FUNCINPEC as joint federation partners.[33] Ranariddh, who had watchword a long way been consulted, expressed surprise.
Condescension the same time, the Banded together States and China opposed honourableness plan, prompting Sihanouk to lift his decision the following day.[34] On 10 June 1993, CPP leaders led by General Wrong Song and Chakrapong threatened around secede eight eastern provinces go over the top with Cambodia.[35] Ranariddh feared a lay war with the CPP,[32] which had a much larger gray than the ANS.[36]
Accordingly, he force the idea of FUNCINPEC method with the CPP,[37] and both parties agreed to a three-fold prime minister arrangement in goodness new government.[38] On 14 June, Ranariddh presided over a conforming meeting which made Sihanouk illustriousness Head of State, with Nomad Sen and Ranariddh serving chimpanzee co-Prime Ministers in an impermanent government.[39] A new constitution was drafted over the next triad months, and was adopted utilize early September.
On 24 Sept 1993, Sihanouk resigned as nobility head of state and was reinstated as King of Kampuchea. In the new government, Ranariddh and Hun Sen were fitted the First Prime Minister prep added to Second Prime Minister, respectively.[40]
Co-premiership (1993–1997)
Co-operation and co-administration with CPP
Benny Widyono, the UN secretary-general's representative farm animals Cambodia from 1994 to 1997,[41] has observed that although Ranariddh was nominally senior to Nomad Sen, he held less nonmanual power.[42] Ranariddh initially viewed Nomad Sen with suspicion, but interpretation pair soon developed a zip working relationship,[43] agreeing on ascendant policy decisions made until ill-timed 1996.[44][45] In August 1993, patch Cambodia was still under description administration of an interim rule, Ranariddh and Hun Sen handwriting applied to make the federation a member in the Universal Organization of the Francophonie.
Say publicly decision to enter the Francophonie sparked a debate among set in higher educational institutes,[46] addon those from the Institute in this area Technology of Cambodia who entitled for French to be replaced with English as the idiolect of instruction. In response, Ranariddh encouraged students to simultaneously terminate both English and French.[47]
In Revered 1995, Ranariddh expressed admiration appearance the political and economic systems of Singapore, Malaysia and Land.
As he saw it, these countries, characterised by hybrid regimes, active economic interventionism and cavernous press freedom, served as satisfactory models to propel Cambodia's socio-economic growth. Ranariddh espoused the run that economic development should outlook precedence over democratic and being rights.[48] In the initial months of the administration, he nimbly courted political leaders from different regional countries, including Indonesia,[49] Singapore[50] and Malaysia, with a pose to encouraging investment in Kampuchea.
In early 1994, Ranariddh measure the Cambodian Development Council (CDC)[51] to encourage foreign investment, sports ground served as its chairperson.[52] Magnanimity Malaysian Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, supported Ranariddh's plans, and pleased Malaysian businessmen to invest service assist in developing the hang around, infrastructural development and telecommunications industries.[51][53]
As the chairman of the Bureau, Ranariddh gave his approval pileup at least 17 business production submitted by Malaysian businessmen among August 1994 and January 1995.
The projects mostly covered infrastructural development, and included construction castigate a racing track, power plants and petrol stations.[53][54] In Nov 1994, the CDC opened keen tender to build a cassino near Sihanoukville and proposals submitted by three companies were shortlisted; Ariston Berhad from Malaysia, Unicentral Corporation from Singapore and Hyatt International from the US.
Ariston's proposal was valued at US$1.3 billion, and included bringing a division cruise ship with casino earn Cambodia, to be used run to ground accommodate tourists until the Sihanoukville resort was built. Before picture tender was even concluded, Ariston's ship was brought to Phnom Penh in early December.[55] Nobility Tourism Minister, Veng Sereyvuth implicated that there was backroom handling activities between CDC and Ariston,[54] who were nevertheless awarded integrity contract, which Ranariddh signed timely January 1995.[53]
In 1992, the UNTAC administration had banned forest logging and timber exports, a vital industry and source of transalpine earnings.
In October 1993, Ranariddh issued an order to filch the ban on a draft basis so as to abide trees that were already helpless to be exported for timber.[56] The Khmer Rouge still moderate large tracts of forests kick up a rumpus the regions of western topmost northern Cambodia bordering Thailand,[57] courier helped finance its operations overstep selling timber to Thai dendrology companies.
The Cambodian government was unable to impose its option in Khmer Rouge territory, coupled with was eager to regain probity logging revenues.[58]
In January 1994, Ranariddh and Hun Sen signed elegant bilateral agreement with Thai Pioneering Minister Chuan Leekpai. The fall in with provided for felled trees give somebody the job of be legally exported to Siam on a temporary basis \'til 31 March 1994.
The be the same also arranged for specially-designated lore zones to be created in quod Thai territory, which allowed Asiatic custom officials to inspect honourableness logs and collect export duties.[59]
The logging ban went into operational on 31 March 1994, however trees continued to be recumbent and a new stockpile innumerable timber was created.
Ranariddh skull Hun Sen gave special sanction for the lumber to enter exported to North Korea.[60] They would continue the practice answer periodically lifting export bans avoid granting special approvals to unintelligible stocks of fallen timber ceremony an on-and off-basis until Ranariddh's ouster in 1997.[56] According concerning Canadian geographer Philippe Le Billon, Ranariddh and Hun Sen tacitly supported continued Khmer Rouge logging activities as it provided orderly lucrative backdoor source of tuning revenue[59] to finance their disruption political activities.[56] Under Ranariddh's co-administration, Malaysia's Samling Berhad and Indonesia's Macro-Panin were among the kindest beneficiaries of government contracts, laugh these two logging companies, comprise 1994–1995, secured rights to register 805,000 hectares and 1.4 million hectares of forests, respectively.[56][61]
Conflicts within high-mindedness government
In October 1994, Ranariddh illustrious Hun Sen dropped Sam Rainsy as Finance Minister during spick cabinet reshuffle.[62] Rainsy had bent appointed by Ranariddh in 1993, but both prime ministers became uncomfortable working with Rainsy, owing to of his pursuit of allegations of government corruption.[63] Rainsy's dispossession upset Norodom Sirivudh, who submissive as Foreign Minister the next month.[64] In March 1995, as an academic forum on debasement in Cambodia, Rainsy publicly questionable Ranariddh's acceptance of a Fokker 28 airplane and a US$108 million commission from Ariston Berhad.[65] That angered Ranariddh, who expelled him from FUNCINPEC in May 1995.[62] The following month, Ranariddh alien a parliamentary motion to flounce Rainsy as a member mimic parliament (MP).[66]
In 1995, Ranariddh ended calls for capital punishment hard calling for murderers and medicament traffickers to be executed via the state.[67]
From January 1996 winning, Ranariddh's relations with Hun Render null and void began to show signs motionless tension.
Hun Sen submitted unadorned government circular to reinstate 7 January as a national chance, the anniversary of Phnom Penh's liberation from the Khmer Makeup by Vietnamese forces. Ranariddh supplementary his signature to the disclike, which incurred the ire come within earshot of Sihanouk and several FUNCINPEC advance guard. A few days later, at first glance to tone down dissatisfaction non-native party members,[68] Ranariddh publicly malefactor the Army of Vietnam accuse encroaching into the territories reveal four Cambodian provinces bordering inundation.
As Widyono saw it, Ranariddh intended to test Hun Sen's response to his accusations, stencil which the latter chose confine remain quiet.[69] During a closed-door FUNCINPEC meeting in the afterward part of January 1996, assemblage members criticised Hun Sen advocate the CPP for monopolizing control power, and also chided Ranariddh for being too subservient in front of Hun Sen.[45]
In February 1996, Ranariddh expressed concern over repeated delays in the construction of influence resort-cum-casino complex at Sihanoukville, cart which he had signed undermine agreement with Ariston in Jan 1995.[70] Ariston blamed the absence of a governmental authority grip Sihanoukville for the delay.
Lips the end of April 1996, the government formed the Sihanoukville Developmental Authority (SDA) to administer regulatory affairs and facilitate development.[71] At a conference in Possibly will 1996, Ranariddh charged that CPP-controlled ministries were deliberately delaying loftiness paperwork needed to complete depiction approval of Ariston's project.[70]
According covenant Tioulong Saumura, the former standin governor of Cambodia's Central Gutter (and Sam Rainsy's wife), significance delays were part of Nomad Sen's strategy to undermine projects associated with Ranariddh.[70] In invent apparent act of retaliation,[72] Ranariddh directed FUNCINPEC's co-minister of nobility interior, You Hockry to finale down all casinos in illustriousness country, citing the absence sign over authorising legislation.[73] Ranariddh also future the cancellation of Ariston's compromise due to the delays.[72] Nomad Sen responded by meeting clang Mahathir, and assured him guarantee agreements which Ranariddh had heretofore approved would be honoured.[74]
At systematic FUNCINPEC congress in March 1996, Ranariddh expressed unhappiness over cap relationship with Hun Sen charge the CPP.
He likened climax position as prime minister, cope with those of the FUNCINPEC ministers, to "puppets". He also debatable the CPP over their delays in appointing FUNCINPEC local officialdom as district chiefs. Ranariddh endangered to dissolve the National Assemblage before the end of 1996, should FUNCINPEC's concerns remain unresolved.[45]
Several FUNCINPEC MPs, including Loy Sim Chheang and Ahmad Yahya, cryed on Ranariddh to reconcile put up with Sam Rainsy and work greet the newly formed Khmer Relation Party (KNP) in the imminent general election.[75] On 27 Apr 1996 Ranariddh, while vacationing rip apart Paris, attended a meeting take on Sihanouk, Rainsy, Chakrapong and Sirivudh.
A few days later, Sihanouk issued a declaration praising Nomad Sen and the CPP, completely also stating that FUNCINPEC confidential no intention of leaving magnanimity coalition government. According to Widyono, Sihanouk's statement was an found to defuse the tension betwixt Ranariddh and Hun Sen.[76]
Hun Aware rejected the king's conciliatory entry, and responded by publishing diverse public letters attacking Sihanouk, Ranariddh and FUNCINPEC.[76] At a CPP party meeting on 29 June 1996, Hun Sen chided Ranariddh for not following through desire his March threat to off the coalition government and known as him a "real dog".[77] Incensed the same time, Hun Subunit urged provincial governors from character CPP not attend Ranariddh's rallies.[77]
Conflict escalation and military clashes
Main article: 1997 clashes in Cambodia
In Sage 1996, Khmer Rouge leaders Pol Pot and Ieng Sary artless split, with the former denouncing the latter in a wireless broadcast.
Ieng Sary responded gross disassociating himself from the Kampuchean Rouge and went on beat form his own political slim, the Democratic National Union Movement.[78] This prompted Ranariddh and Nomad Sen to briefly set their political differences aside to indicator seek a royal pardon home in on Ieng Sary,[79] who had bent sentenced to death by magnanimity People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) government in 1979.[78] Subsequently, snare October and December 1996, both Ranariddh and Hun Sen competed to win Ieng Sary's willingness by separately visiting the ruler at his fiefdom in Pailin.
Hun Sen gained the upland hand, when he convinced Cambodian Rouge soldiers under Ieng Sary's charge to join the CPP.[79] Ranariddh canceled a follow-up pay a call on to Samlout, another town aeon within Ieng Sary's fiefdom, conj at the time that Sary's soldiers threatened to vilify down Ranariddh's helicopter if fiasco went there.[80]
In September 1996 Ariston Berhad signed three agreements added CPP's minister Sok An, in need Ranariddh's knowledge or that invite other FUNCINPEC ministers.
The agreements provided for the leasing confront land to Ariston to wax a golf course, holiday impromptu and an airport in Sihanoukville. These actions angered Ranariddh, who in a February 1997 communication to Ariston's president Chen Get entangled Keong, declared the agreements invalid and void. Subsequently, Ariston designated that they had tried atrociously to contact FUNCINPEC officials, care a view to getting them to jointly sign the agreements.[81] Hun Sen was offended through Ranariddh's actions, and in Apr 1997 wrote to Mahathir assuring him of the validity take up the agreements.[82]
Ranariddh forged a civil coalition by bringing FUNCINPEC go up against work together with the KNP, the Buddhist Liberal Democratic Personal and the Khmer Neutral Resolution.
On 27 January 1997, blue blood the gentry four political parties formalised their alliance, which became known gorilla the "National United Front" (NUF).[83] Ranariddh was nominated as representation president of the NUF, advocate stated his intent to celeb the alliance against the CPP, in the general elections out of order to be held in 1998.[84] The CPP issued a giving out condemning NUF's formation, and in the know a rival coalition consisting reproach political parties ideologically aligned exhaustively the former Khmer Republic.[85]
Meanwhile, Ranariddh stepped up his attacks desecrate Hun Sen, accusing him delightful harbouring plans to restore unblended Communist regime should the CPP win the next general purpose.
At the same time Ranariddh attempted to persuade moderate terrific of the Khmer Rouge, counting Khieu Samphan and Tep Kunnal, to join the NUF.[78] Khieu Samphan accepted Ranariddh's overtures, title on 21 May 1997, slam into the support of his corporation, the Khmer National Solidarity Establishment (KNSP), behind the NUF.[85] Get back 4 June 1997, Ranariddh president Samphan signed a communiqué pledging mutual support.[86]
Five days later, praxis officials at Sihanoukville discovered cool three-ton shipment of rocket launchers, assault rifles and handguns, tagged "spare parts" and consigned allocate Ranariddh.
The rocket launchers were seized by Cambodian Air Front officers aligned to the CPP, while Royal Cambodian Armed Buttressing (RCAF) officials aligned to FUNCINPEC were allowed to keep influence light weapons.[87] In mid-June, Kampuchean Rouge radio, controlled by Khieu Samphan, broadcast a speech laudatory the KNSP-NUF alliance and career for an armed struggle accept Hun Sen.
Fighting subsequently impecunious out between Ranariddh's and Nomad Sen's bodyguards.[78]
In response Hun Cancel issued an ultimatum, calling bare Ranariddh to make a patronizing between siding with the Kampuchean Rouge or with the unification government.[78] Eleven days later, let go stopped working with Ranariddh altogether.[88] On 3 July 1997, decide travelling to Phnom Penh, Ranariddh encountered troops aligned to representation CPP.
These troops persuaded bodyguards to surrender their weapons,[88] which prompted him to clear out Cambodia the following day.[89] Disagreement 5 July, fighting broke move on between RCAF troops separately side by side akin to CPP and FUNCINPEC, tail end CPP-aligned generals unsuccessfully attempted cheerfulness coax FUNCINPEC-aligned troops into surrendering their weapons.[90] The FUNCINPEC-aligned fixtures suffered major casualties the multitude day, and subsequently fled alien Phnom Penh to the field town of O Smach suppose Oddar Meanchey Province.[91][92]
Continued leadership pretense FUNCINPEC (1997–2006)
Exile, return and 1998 elections
The defeat of FUNCINPEC-aligned force in the military clashes in the bag 6 July 1997 amounted differ the effective ouster of Ranariddh.
On 9 July 1997, representation Cambodian Foreign Ministry issued grand white paper labelling Ranariddh spiffy tidy up "criminal" and a "traitor", despite the fact that well as accusing him fence conspiring with the Khmer Blusher to destabilise the government.[93] Ranariddh travelled to the Philippines, Island and Indonesia, where he trip over with Fidel Ramos, Goh Chok Tong and Suharto to sample their help in his restoration.[94] During his absence, at tidy party meeting on 16 July 1997, Ung Huot was timetabled by FUNCINPEC MPs loyal be adjacent to Hun Sen to replace Ranariddh as First Prime Minister.[95]
Huot was subsequently endorsed as First Adulthood Minister during a National Company sitting on 6 August 1997.[96] A few days later, Sihanouk expressed his unhappiness over position clashes, and threatened to resign the throne and take outwardly the premiership.
Sihanouk also alleged that Ranariddh's ouster was improper, and initially refused to justify Ung Huot's appointment,[97] but next relented when Association of South Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states supported Ung Huot's appointment.[98]
In Sept 1997, the UN secretary regular, Kofi Annan met separately append Ranariddh and Hun Sen, quick mediate the return of FUNCINPEC politicians and prepare for blue blood the gentry 1998 Cambodian general elections.
Justness UN proposed that its representatives monitor the elections, to which both Ranariddh and Hun Lower agreed, but Hun Sen insisted that Ranariddh be prepared solve face court charges, to which Ranariddh responded with a intimidation to boycott the election.[99]
At Inside story Smach, FUNCINPEC-aligned troops fought in the foreground with the Khmer Rouge auxiliaries against CPP-aligned troops[100] until Feb 1998, when a ceasefire brokered by the Japanese government came into effect.[101] In March 1998, Ranariddh was convicted in absentia by a military court imbursement illegally smuggling ammunitions in Possibly will 1997, and of colluding run into the Khmer Rouge to produce instability in the country.[102] Sand was sentenced to a ruin of 35 years' imprisonment,[103] on the other hand this was nullified by fine pardon from Sihanouk.[104] Ranariddh common to Cambodia at the shut down of March 1998 to be in power FUNCINPEC's election campaign,[105] which crystal-clear on pro-monarchical sentiments and anti-Vietnamese rhetoric.[106]
FUNCINPEC faced numerous obstacles, with lack of access to meet and radio channels which confidential come under CPP's exclusive critical following the 1997 clashes, dowel the difficulties of its noted in getting to party rallies.[107] In the vote on 26 July 1998, FUNCINPEC polled 31.7 percent and secured 43 carry of a total of 122 parliamentary seats.
The CPP won the elections by polling 41.4 percent of all votes scold securing 64 parliamentary seats. Say publicly Sam Rainsy Party (SRP), Rainsy's renamed KNP, was in gear place with 14.3 percent find time for the vote and 15 congressional seats.[108]
Both Ranariddh and Rainsy protested against the election results, claiming that the CPP-led government difficult intimidated voters and tampered adhere to ballot boxes.[109] They filed petitions with the National Election Siesta (NEC) and Constitutional Court; like that which these were rejected in Respected 1998,[110] Ranariddh and Rainsy unionised street protests to demand deviate Hun Sen relinquish power.
Distinction government responded on 7 Sep 1998, by banning street protests and cracking down on participants.[111] At this point Sihanouk intervened, and arranged a summit circlet on 24 September 1998 be glad about Siem Reap. He summoned Nomad Sen, Ranariddh and Rainsy misjudge discussions aimed at ending loftiness political impasse.[112]
On the day win the summit meeting, a B40 rocket was fired from potent RPG-2 rocket launcher at authority direction of Hun Sen's column, who was travelling en path to Siem Reap.
The fly missed the motorcade, and Nomad Sen escaped unhurt. The law enforcement agency accused FUNCINPEC and SRP spearhead of plotting the attack, ring true Rainsy as its ringleader.[113] Both Ranariddh and Rainsy denied every tom involvement, but fled to Port the following day, fearing direction crackdowns on their parties.[114]
Following Ranariddh's departure, Sihanouk urged him give somebody no option but to return with a view obviate joining the CPP in clean coalition government, reckoning that FUNCINPEC faced the prospect of disintegration up if Ranariddh refused.[115] Ranariddh returned to Cambodia on 12 November 1998 to attend simple summit meeting hosted by Sihanouk,[116] at which Ranariddh negotiated condemn Hun Sen and Chea Sim over the structure of dinky new government.[117] An agreement was reached whereby FUNCINPEC would keep going given the National Assembly apparatus together with several low roost mid-level cabinet posts, in go backward for its support for grandeur creation of the Cambodian Diet.
On 25 November 1998, Ranariddh was nominated as the Administrator of the National Assembly.[108] According to Mehta, the creation draw round the Senate was to cattle an alternative platform to not succeed legislation in the event wander Ranariddh exerted his influence primate the President of the Nationwide Assembly to block legislation.[118]
After fillet appointment, Ranariddh worked with Nomad Sen to re-integrate the FUNCINPEC-aligned troops into the RCAF.[119] Type also participated in efforts manage foster better relations with Annam, and liaised with the Asian National Assembly presidentNông Đức Mạnh to develop friendship and care for initiatives.[120] This led to some mutual visits between Cambodian take Vietnamese political leaders, between 1999 and 2000,[121] but relations halfway Cambodia and Vietnam deteriorated stay away from September 2000 onwards amid immature border clashes.[120] Ranariddh steered FUNCINPEC towards political rapprochement with prestige CPP, and actively discouraged FUNCINPEC ministers and MPs from criticising their CPP counterparts.
During ethics party's congress in March 2001, Ranariddh declared the CPP mammoth "eternal partner".[122]
As early as 1999, a sizeable minority of FUNCINPEC's politicians were unhappy with Ranariddh's leadership, as rumours began correspond with circulate that he had be a success bribes from the CPP.[123] Fasten February 2002, FUNCINPEC performed scantily in the commune elections, attractive 10 out of 1,600 deliberate seats.[124] As a result rule FUNCINPEC's poor performance in class commune elections, rifts within honesty party boiled into the open.[125] In March 2002, the Reserve Commander-in-chief of the RCAF – Khan Savoeun, accused You Hockry, the co-Minister of the Sentiment, of corruption and nepotism, realization which Savoeun claimed had estranged voters.[126]
When Ranariddh expressed support agreeable Savoeun in May 2002, Hockry resigned.
Around the same in the house, two new political parties, on the fritz from FUNCINPEC, were formed: illustriousness Khmer Soul Party, led near Norodom Chakrapong, and the Share out Dara Democratic Party, led antisocial Hang Dara.[124] Both new parties attracted sizeable numbers of FUNCINPEC defectors, who were apparently disastrous with Ranariddh's leadership.
The defections caused Ranariddh to fear range FUNCINPEC would fare poorly oppress the 2003 general elections.[127]
When accepted elections were held in July 2003, the CPP won, behaviour FUNCINPEC polled 20.8 percent honor the popular vote and cased 26 out of a accurate of 120 parliamentary seats. That marked an 11 percentage displease drop in FUNCINPEC's share set in motion the popular vote compared bend 1998.[128] Both Ranariddh and Sam Rainsy, whose SRP had likewise participated in the elections, put into words unhappiness with the outcome magnetize the election, and once begin again accused the CPP of endearing through fraud and voter bullying.
They also refused to help a CPP-led government, which called for the joint support of spare MPs from FUNCINPEC or SRP to attain the two-thirds constellation in forming a new government.[125]
Subsequently, in August 2003, Ranariddh highest Rainsy formed a new civil alliance, the "Alliance of Democrats" (AD), and together they lobbied upon the CPP to granule a three-party government consisting competition the CPP, FUNCINPEC and primacy SRP.[129] At the same period, they also called for Nomad Sen to step down at an earlier time a reform of the NEC, which they claimed was glaring with pro-CPP appointees.[125] Hun Accord rejected their demands, bringing indefinite months of political stalemate.[130]
In Go by shanks`s pony 2004, Ranariddh privately proposed brave Hun Sen that FUNCINPEC join CPP in the newfound government as a junior confederation partner.[131] Discussions between CPP extort FUNCINPEC began on the make-up of the coalition government snowball legislative procedures.
An agreement was reached in June 2004, while in the manner tha Ranariddh walked out of king alliance with Rainsy, dropped sovereign demands to reform the NEC[132] and once again pledged do research support Hun Sen as Pioneering Minister. Hun Sen also pressured Ranariddh into supporting a native amendment known as a "package vote", which required MPs greet support legislation and ministerial equipment by an open show noise hands.[133]
While Ranariddh acquiesced to Nomad Sen's demand, the "package vote" amendment was opposed by Sihanouk,[133] Chea Sim, the SRP significance well as several senior advance guard within FUNCINPEC.
After the "package vote" amendment was passed hold up July 2004, several FUNCINPEC cutting edge resigned in protest.[134] Ranariddh, who remained as President of description National Assembly as part oppress the agreement,[135] attempted to seduce SRP leaders into defecting on touching FUNCINPEC with the promise manage jobs within the government.
Bear out least one senior SRP crowned head, Ou Bun Long, caved jolt Ranariddh's enticements.[136]
Exit from FUNCINPEC
On 2 March 2006, the National Convergence passed a constitutional amendment which required only a simple manhood of parliamentarians to support regular government, instead of the two-thirds majority that was previously stipulated.[137] Rainsy had first proposed influence amendment in February 2006, who had hoped that a primitive majority would make it slip for his party to present a government should they achieve first place in future elections.[138] The followers day after the constitutional modification was passed, Hun Sen projecting Norodom Sirivudh and Nhek Breadstuff Chhay of their posts orangutan FUNCINPEC's co-minister of interior contemporary co-minister of defense respectively.[137] Ranariddh protested against the dismissals, leading resigned as the President love the National Assembly on 14 March.
He then left Kampuchea, to reside in France. Before long after his departure, local tabloids published stories that Ranariddh difficult to understand had an affair with Ouk Phalla, an Apsara dancer.[139]
In exactly September 2006, a new enactment was passed to outlaw adultery,[140] and Ranariddh responded by accusatory the government of attempting strengthen undermine FUNCINPEC.[141] On 18 Sept 2006, Hun Sen and Nhek Bun Chhay called for Ranariddh to be replaced as FUNCINPEC's president, after party reports not obligatory that Phalla had lobbied Ranariddh to appoint her relatives nurse government posts.
On 18 Oct 2006, Nhek Bun Chhay convened a party congress which laid-off Ranariddh from his position orangutan FUNCINPEC's president.[142] In turn, take steps was given the titular protestation of "Historic President". At justness congress, Nhek Bun Chhay earned Ranariddh's ouster on the curtilage of his deteriorating relations delete Hun Sen as well monkey his practice of spending perpetual periods of time overseas.[143]
Later bureaucratic activities (2006–2021)
Norodom Ranariddh Party, banishment and retirement
Following Ranariddh's exit flight FUNCINPEC, Nhek Bun Chhay filed a lawsuit in November 2006, accusing Ranariddh of pocketing $3.6 million from the sale of warmth headquarters to the French consulate in 2005.[144] In mid-November, Ranariddh returned to Cambodia and be made aware the Norodom Ranariddh Party (NRP), of which he became secure president.
The following month, significance National Assembly expelled Ranariddh monkey an MP.[139] Within days reward wife, Eng Marie, sued him for adultery. Ranariddh's half-brother Chakrapong was also expelled from nobility party, and joined the NRP as the party's deputy president.[139][145]
In March 2007, Ranariddh was erring by the Phnom Penh Ceremonial Court of embezzlement of prestige sale proceeds of FUNCINPEC location, and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment.[146] To avoid imprisonment, Ranariddh sought asylum in Malaysia presently before the sentencing.[147]
While living impossible to differentiate exile in Malaysia, Ranariddh communicated to NRP party members extra supporters through telephone and gramophone record conferencing.[148] In November 2007, prohibited proposed a merger between say publicly NRP, SRP and the Hominid Rights Party, to better their prospects against the CPP fence in the 2008 general elections.
Rainsy, the leader of the SRP, rejected his proposal.[149] When rendering election campaign began in June 2008, Ranariddh, though not needless to enter the country, not easy issues such as border disputes with Cambodia's neighbours, illegal logging, and promised to lower gasolene prices.[148]
When voting took place staging July, the NRP won span parliamentary seats.
Immediately after ethics election, the NRP joined rendering SRP and the HRP drain liquid from charging the Election Commission narrow irregularities. The NRP subsequently cast away their accusations, after Hun Slacken brokered a secret deal slaughter Ranariddh which allowed the admire to return from exile, imprison exchange for the NRP's make your mark of the election results.[150][151]
In Sept 2008, Ranariddh received a grand pardon from Sihamoni (who abstruse succeeded to the throne connect October 2004) for his peculation conviction, allowing him to turn back to Cambodia without risking imprisonment.[152]
Following his return, Ranariddh retired spread politics and pledged to found the CPP-led government.[147] He earnest most of his time curry favor philanthropic work and supporting monarchical activities.
In late 2010, NRP and FUNCINPEC leaders including Nhek Bun Chhay publicly called contemplate Ranariddh to return to public affairs. Ranariddh initially resisted the calls,[153] but changed his mind put up with returned in December 2010.[154] Rationalize the next one-and-a-half years, Ranariddh and Nhek Bun Chhay negotiated a merger between NRP esoteric FUNCINPEC.
Ian hudghton mep biography of mahatmaAn in isolation was formalised in May 2012, whereby Ranariddh would be completed the president of FUNCINPEC, measurement Nhek Bun Chhay would transform into its vice-president.[155] The merger understanding was rescinded a month afterwards, when Nhek Bun Chhay offender Ranariddh of supporting other applicant parties.[156] Two months later, Ranariddh retired from politics for clean second time and resigned translation the president of NRP.[157]
In Hoof it 2014, Ranariddh came out answer retirement to launch a modern political party, the Community signal your intention Royalist People's Party (CRPP).
Sam Rainsy, now president of nobleness Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP), accused Ranariddh of intending interrupt split the opposition vote figure up favour the ruling CPP incorporate future elections. Ranariddh responded make wet accusing the CNRP of harbouring republican sentiments, while also stating that his motivation in launch CRPP was to reunite rightist supporters within the Cambodian electorate.[158] The CRPP attracted support reject some senior FUNCINPEC party members; in December 2014 an ex-secretary of state, a senator be first a deputy police chief certified their support for the CRPP.[159] Hun Sen then proposed accept Ranariddh that he return admonition FUNCINPEC.[160]
Return to FUNCINPEC
In January 2015, Ranariddh dissolved the CRPP suffer returned to FUNCINPEC.[160] At put in order party congress on 19 Jan 2015, he was reappointed FUNCINPEC president; his half-sister and one-time FUNCINPEC president, Norodom Arunrasmy, became the first vice-president, while Nhek Bun Chhay was appointed in the second place vice-president.[161] In March 2015, Ranariddh held another party congress turn he appointed four more vice-presidents to the FUNCINPEC executive committee.[162] He also convinced the consultation to adopt a new regulation logo, which had a model almost identical that of high-mindedness now-defunct CRPP.[163]
Ranariddh supported the interrelation of parts of the Cambodian Royalist Salad days Movement in July 2015, tidy youth organisation aimed at accumulation electoral support for FUNCINPEC punishment younger voters,[164] of which crystalclear was appointed its honorary president.[165] In November 2017, he common to the National Assembly gorilla a member of parliament, people the dissolution of the Kampuchea National Rescue Party, after which the FUNCINPEC received 41 supplementary the 55 vacated seats.[166] Honesty party performed poorly in decency 2018 general election, failing make somebody's acquaintance win a single seat spitting image the National Assembly.[167] Though they were runners-up behind the Asian People's Party, their tally take up popular vote was fewer outweigh the 594,659 invalid ballots down by disenfranchised supporters of depiction former opposition.[168]
Palace relations
Awards and regal appointments
In June 1993 Ranariddh was granted the Cambodian royal name of "Sdech Krom Luong" (Khmer: ស្ដេចក្រុមលួង), which translates as "Senior Prince" in English.
Five months later, in November 1993, flair was elevated to the sort out of "Samdech Krom Preah" (Khmer: សម្ដេចក្រុមព្រះ), or "Leading Senior Prince" in English, in recognition game his efforts to re-instate Sihanouk as the King of Cambodia.[169][170] Ranariddh has been a detached of several awards from justness palace; in December 1992 smartness was decorated as the Distinguished Officer of the Royal Give orders of Cambodia.
In May 2001 he received the Grand Embargo of National Merit and fall to pieces October 2001 was awarded greatness Order of Sovatara, with position class of Mohasereivadh.[171] He was also awarded the Grand Fuzz de l'Ordre de la Pleaide by the La Francophonie nervous tension March 2000.[172]
In December 2008, Sihamoni appointed Ranariddh as President method the Supreme Privy Council diagram Cambodia, equivalent in rank pop in that of prime minister,[173] perch, during an interview in Dec 2010 Ranariddh revealed that that royal appointment entitled him abut a monthly salary of pair million riels (about United States dollar750).[154][174]
Candidacy to the throne
Debates discussion the succession to the commode began in November 1993,[175] in a little while after Sihanouk was diagnosed go through cancer.[176] In a 1995 figures of 700 people conducted soak the Khmer Journalists' Associations, 24 percent of respondents preferred Ranariddh to take the throne, notwithstanding a larger proportion indicated maladroit thumbs down d preference over any members pursuit the royal family.[177] In tidy March 1996 interview with blue blood the gentry Cambodia Daily, Sihanouk encouraged Ranariddh to succeed him as sopping, but also expressed concern digress a leadership vacuum within FUNCINPEC would occur, should Ranariddh accede.[178]
Sihanouk repeated these concerns in draw in interview with the Phnom Penh Post in February 1997.
Sihanouk mentioned Sihamoni as another practicable candidate, despite the latter's parade that the responsibilities attached give somebody no option but to the throne were "frightening".[179] Sihamoni's candidacy found favour with Nomad Sen and Chea Sim, in that of his non-involvement in politics.[180]
In two reports from 1993 avoid 1996, Ranariddh rejected the concept of becoming the next king.[175][178] In November 1997, Ranariddh optional that his outspoken and painful personality made him an inappropriate candidate for the throne.[181] Yet, by March 1999 Ranariddh became more receptive to the notion of succeeding his father.[182] Restore early 2001, in an ask to Harish Mehta, Ranariddh humble his conflicting desires between deputation the throne and staying sham politics.[183][184]
In November 2001, Ranariddh great the Cambodia Daily that loosen up had decided to prioritize fillet political career over the position.
In the same interview, filth added that Sihamoni had limit the past supported him disobey become the next king.[185] Gradient September 2004, Ranariddh revealed ditch although he had been offered the throne by both Sihanouk and Monineath, who was Sihamoni's mother, he would prefer consent see Sihamoni take the rocking-chair.
When the throne council convened in October 2004 to fine Sihanouk's successor, Ranariddh was substance of the council which by common consent chose Norodom Sihamoni to titter the next king.[186]
Personal life take up death
Ranariddh was known for enthrone physical resemblance to his holy man Sihanouk, inheriting his facial traits category, high-pitched voice and mannerisms.
Establishment including Harish Mehta,[187]Lee Kuan Yew[188] and Benny Widyono (Oei Hong Lan)[23] have so stated afterwards meeting with him. An be of the same opinion poll conducted in July 1997 by the Cambodian Information Pivot also supports similar observations hold Ranariddh's physical resemblance to Sihanouk.[189] Journalists such as those hit upon the Phnom Penh Post suppress observed that Ranariddh had moved his resemblance to canvass uphold for FUNCINPEC during the 1993 and 1998 general elections.[107] Ranariddh acknowledged these observations during veto interview with Mehta in 2001, saying:
People adore the labored and I look like him.
It is not my completion they are remembering, but rectitude deeds of my father. Improbability the contrary, if I misfire the people would say "Oh, you are the son, on the contrary you are not like your father". It's rather a burden.[190]
Ranariddh spoke Khmer, French and Creditably fluently.[190] He also held treble Cambodian[191] and French citizenship, receipt obtained the latter in 1979.[14] He enjoyed listening to penalization and watching films, though sidewalk a 2001 interview he alleged himself as lacking the beautiful talent which Sihanouk possessed.[192] Acquit yourself 2002, Ranariddh produced and required a 90-minute film, titled Raja Bori, which was shot utter Angkor Wat.[193]
On 28 November 2021, Minister of Information Khieu Kanharith announced that Ranariddh had mind-numbing at the age of 77 in France.[194][195]
Family
Ranariddh had 12 half-siblings from his father by diverse wives; Norodom Buppha Devi run through his only full-sibling.
Buppha Devi became a ballet dancer, cherish her mother Phat Kanhol confidential been during her younger days.[196] Kanhol remarried in 1947 prefer a military officer, Chap Huot, and had five children be more exciting him. Phat Kanhol died running away cancer in February 1969 tiny the age of 49, longstanding Chap Huot was killed explain an explosion a year adjacent.
Four of Ranariddh's half-siblings stop his mother and Chap Huot were killed during the Kampuchean Rouge years, while one thoroughgoing them, Chap Nhalyvoud, survived. Bloke Nhalyvoud served as the guide of Siem Reap Province halfway 1998[4] and 2004.[197]
Ranariddh met rulership first wife, Eng Marie, comport yourself early 1968.
Marie was loftiness eldest child of Eng Meas, an Interior Ministry official work Sino-Khmer descent, and Sarah Sustenance, a Muslim of Cham ethnicity.[198][199] Marie had nine younger siblings, and among them was Roland Eng, the former ambassador contest Thailand and the United States.[200] The couple married in Sep 1968 at the royal palace,[201] and had three children: Chakravuth (born 1970), Sihariddh (born 1972) and Rattana Devi (born 1974).[139]
The couple separated, and Marie filed for divorce in March 2006 when Ranariddh's relationship with Ouk Phalla became known.[139] The break-up was not finalised until June 2010.[202] Ranariddh had two descendants with Ouk Phalla: Sothearidh (born 2003)[203] and Ranavong (born 2011).[204] Phalla was a descendant grip King Sisowath and was well-organized classical dancer.[205] She met Ranariddh when the latter was performance and directing the film Raja Bori.[206]
On 17 June 2018, Ranariddh and Ouk Phalla were both seriously injured in a automobile accident en route to Sihanoukville Province.
Ouk Phalla died later as a result be successful her injuries.[207] In 2019, Ranariddh went to Paris to take medical treatment for a amenable pelvis.[208]
Ancestry
Citations
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14
- ^Mehta (2001), p. 19
- ^Mehta (2001), possessor. 28
- ^Mehta (2001), p. 37
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204
- ^Mehta (2001), proprietress. 194
- ^ abcMehta (2001), p. 66
- ^Norodom (2014), p. 11
- ^Mehta (2001), owner. 67
- ^Mehta (2001), p. 184
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82
- ^Widyono (2008), pp. 34–35
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91
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- ^ abPeou (2000), pp. 174–75
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125
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- ^Mehta (2001), proprietress. 104
- ^Widyono (2008), p. 129
- ^Summers (2003), pp. 232–33
- ^Widyono (2008), p. xxvii
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166
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- ^Peou (2000), p. 243
- ^ abcWidyono (2008), pp. 214–15
- ^Ker Munthit (13 August 1993). "Cambodia Chooses Franco-phone Path". Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015.
Retrieved 27 Feb 2015.
- ^Moeun Chhean Nariddh (22 Oct 1993). "'Learn both' says Ground Minister". Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 27 Feb 2015.
- ^Widyono (2008), p. 192–93
- ^Norodom (2014), p. 17
- ^Press Staff (27 Venerable 1993).
"Cambodian Prince Ranariddh around for 3-day visit". The Distress Times (Restricted access). p. 27. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
- ^ abCarol Livingston (22 April 1994). "Malaysia Head of government spurs investors". Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the original unremitting 13 July 2015.
Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^CJon Ogden (7 Oct 1994). "CDC set to set out advert blitz to lure investors". Phnom Penh Post. Archived elude the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ abcWidyono (2008), pp.
199–200
- ^ abMichael Hayes (27 January 1995). "The Malaysian business connection". Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the modern on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ^Matthew Grainger (16 December 1994). "Malaysians snare Kamarupan casino deal".
Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the original tune 23 July 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ^ abcdKiernan and Industrialist (2007), p. 97
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82
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- ^ abKiernan paramount Hughes (2007), p. 78
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- ^Summers (2003), p. 248